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We summarize a cross-disciplinary effort exploring affective biases in decision-making. The work consisted of an empirical and a computational modeling study, within the same synthetic task: a search-and-rescue task. The empirical...
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We summarize a cross-disciplinary effort exploring affective biases in decision-making. The work consisted of an empirical and a computational modeling study, within the same synthetic task: a search-and-rescue task. The empirical study assessed effects of anxiety on decision-making (route selection). Participants were more sensitive to probabilities of costs and benefits, than to their quantitative values. Both threat and anxious mood induction (under low threat) appeared to increase sensitivity to loss. With a neutral emotion-induction, trait anxiety was associated with a classic selective attention basis. Anxious individuals sampled information on potential costs more frequently than information on potential gains. This bias was eliminated in the anxious emotion-induction condition. In the neutral condition, anxious subjects may frame decisions as requiring vigilance to threat (i.e., elevated attention and analysis), whereas in the anxious condition, the frame is one of escape (requiring less analysis). Computational modeling studies used the MAMID cognitive-affective architecture to construct a process model of anxiety effects: attentional threat and self-bias, and interpretive threat bias. Different levels of anxiety intensities were encoded in different values of architecture parameters, which controlled processing within the architecture modules, yielding results consistent with existing empirical data. The model was also used to construct alternative mechanisms capable of explaining the observed effects, thereby providing a means of generating candidate hypotheses regarding the nature of the processes mediating the biases. Findings make a methodological contribution in demonstrating how experimental emotion-induction can be successfully employed in a task that is longer, more complex and more demanding than those typically used in affective bias research. The data support the validity of the empirical-computational approach of this project. The biasing effect.
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To examine the role of expectancy on the organization of visual patterns, a primed tachistoscopic part-probe task was used. Sequences of (1) a simple line figure F and (2) a test pattern T, being a part of F, were shown. Subjects ...
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To examine the role of expectancy on the organization of visual patterns, a primed tachistoscopic part-probe task was used. Sequences of (1) a simple line figure F and (2) a test pattern T, being a part of F, were shown. Subjects had to indicate which part of F was presented separately in the sequence of F and T, by choosing among three parts shown after each trial. Subjective expectancy of alternative organizations of F was induced by showing one of three segregated versions of the F pattern (or parts of it) prior to the sequence: the priming stimulus P. T patterns were correctly recognized more often in case of a corresponding P. However, a response-bias correction was applied, based on the distribution of the errors. P had a strong effect on the bias component, but not on the true score. The result suggests that early stages of shape perception are very much stimulus oriented and resistant to external knowledge.
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Analytical methods should be substituted for the current largely intuitive methods for generalizing results over conditions. Toward that end we present a methodology that combines Campbell and Fiske's (1959) multitrait multimethod...
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Analytical methods should be substituted for the current largely intuitive methods for generalizing results over conditions. Toward that end we present a methodology that combines Campbell and Fiske's (1959) multitrait multimethod matrix and Brunswik's (1956) representative design of experiments. A description of a study of expert judgement and a critique of current practices illustrate the methodology.
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In two experiments subjects recalled one of two letter segments following a digit-filled retention interval. In Experiment 1, recall expectancy was manipulated by using precues that correctly informed or misinformed subjects conce...
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In two experiments subjects recalled one of two letter segments following a digit-filled retention interval. In Experiment 1, recall expectancy was manipulated by using precues that correctly informed or misinformed subjects concerning which letter segment would be tested for recall. In Experiment 2, item importance was varied by precuing one segment as important but requiring that the uncued segment be recalled first. Recall performance was very low under conditions of low expectancy and low segment importance, but the slopes of the retention functions did not demonstrate more rapid forgetting than under standard conditions. The previous observations of very rapid forgetting from primary memory may be a function of an elevated initial recall level in the earlier studies. Our retention functions were compared to predictions of the Estes perturbation model. The findings suggested that when secondary memory processes were reduced, forgetting order information from primary memory occurred at the same rate as that estimated on the basis of previous studies using the standard distractor task.
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This is a Final Report on a conference on cognitive psychology, held January 16-18, 1987 at the Univ. of S. Florida. Leading cognitive psychologists gathered to present integrative summaries of recent research and to discuss curre...
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This is a Final Report on a conference on cognitive psychology, held January 16-18, 1987 at the Univ. of S. Florida. Leading cognitive psychologists gathered to present integrative summaries of recent research and to discuss current methodological and theoretical issues. Funds from the two federal sponsors (the ONR and the NICHHD) were devoted exclusively to reimbursement of the participants' travel expenses. All other expenses (i.e., telephone, lodging, etc.) were covered by funds donated by the Univ. of S. Florida. The sponsors will receive a copy of the full set of presented papers and a copy of the edited volume based on the conference. Keywords: Cognitive psychology, Applied psychology, Recent research, Experimental psychology, Symposia. (SDW)
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We examine whether reasoning is improved by evaluative feedback, i.e., the information of whether a reasoner's answer was correct or incorrect, and report two studies that show that evaluative feedback increases the chances that p...
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We examine whether reasoning is improved by evaluative feedback, i.e., the information of whether a reasoner's answer was correct or incorrect, and report two studies that show that evaluative feedback increases the chances that participants will produce normatively correct responses for deductive reasoning problems. In Experiment 1, participants who were given feedback about their performance did better on problems based on disjunctions that were designed to elicit illusory inferences. In Experiment 2, participants answered difficult syllogisms with more accuracy when they were provided with feedback. We conclude by contrasting the rule- , heuristics-, and model-based accounts of deduction on their ability to explain the effects of evaluative feedback.
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The study described in the book aims at presenting a scientific contribution tothe (re)design of modern tools, i.e. personal computers. Some general principles of behavior economics are described and the concepts of psychological ...
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The study described in the book aims at presenting a scientific contribution tothe (re)design of modern tools, i.e. personal computers. Some general principles of behavior economics are described and the concepts of psychological costs and psychological efficiency are developed. Certain theoretical viewpoints on mental effort are looked at. Several methods and instruments for measuring mental workload and mental effort are discussed. The validity of the Rating Scale Mental Effort (RSME) is explicitly examined in a laboratory study. A study is described in which the RSME is applied in an interface evaluation study. This study aims at collecting empirical evidence for the validity of the Action Facilitation Approach (AFA). The results contain several leads for designers and can therefore be seen as an illustration of the necessity of an interdisciplinary approach to system design.
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This reports constitutes a critical review of eight major research areas in the field of parapsychology over the past twenty years. The report begins with a philosophical analysis of the way research questions in parapsychology ar...
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This reports constitutes a critical review of eight major research areas in the field of parapsychology over the past twenty years. The report begins with a philosophical analysis of the way research questions in parapsychology are formulated. It is concluded that the claim to have established psi in the sense of paranormality can be rejected a priori because of the generally conceded absence of a confirmed paranormal theory. Given this fact, the important question becomes whether the observations reported by parapsychologists have adequate conventional explanations or whether they are true anomalies. The methods and results of each research projects that have been published. This material is then critically evaluated from the point of view of assessing what conventional mechanisms could conceivably account for these findings and the adequacy of these mechanisms as explanations. In general, it is concluded that despite some methodological shortcomings and inadequate reporting, parapsychologists have succeeded in documenting genuine anomalies worthy of scientific interest. Reliable application of whatever paranormal process these anomalies might represent is unlikely until this process (if it exists) is better understood.
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Rich and poor children made judgements regarding the size of coins from memory, when the coins were present, from aluminum discs and from cardboard discs. The rich and poor children's judgments were essentially the same with the e...
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Rich and poor children made judgements regarding the size of coins from memory, when the coins were present, from aluminum discs and from cardboard discs. The rich and poor children's judgments were essentially the same with the exception that the poor children overestimated the size of coins when judgments were made from memory. It was found that the size of small coins is generally underestimated and the size of large coins is overestimated. These results and those from other work raise doubt as to the general importance of value systems as organizing factors in the perception of clear, physically present objects. Apparently needs and values may play a role when the stimulus object is equivocal or not present as in the case of judgments made from memory. (RWJ) ( p.207).
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A major part of the PMC curriculum is the Integrative Program Management classeswhich offers the students the opportunity to combine functional knowledge, student and faculty experience, and original thought in an integrated series of
